ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to review bacterial isolates from cases of urinary tract infection (UTI) and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for the years 2005-2007 in St Kitts. It is hoped that the study will be of use in the treatment of cases of UTI in St Kitts. METHODS: The laboratory records at St Francis Hospital, Basseterre, St Kitts, for bacterial isolates from cases of urinary tract infection and their susceptibility profiles for three years, 2005-2007, were retrospectively reviewed and compared. RESULTS: A total of 595 isolates of 13 species of pathogenic bacteria were recovered from cases of UTI. Escherichia coli was the predominant species recovered each year. Among the other species frequently recovered were Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSION: This study, the first of its kind from St Kitts serves to emphasize that treatment of UTI should be instituted generally on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility tests.
OBJETIVO: El propósito de este estudio es examinar los aislados bacterianos de casos de infección del tracto urinario (ITU) y su modelo de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana durante los años 2005-2007 en Saint Kitts. Se espera que el estudio sea de utilidad en el tratamiento de casos de ITU en Saint Kitts. MÉTODOS: Los archivos de laboratorio del Hospital Saint Francis, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, sobre los aislados bacterianos de los casos de infección del tracto urinario y sus perfiles de susceptibilidad durante tres años, 2005-2007, fueron examinados y comparados retrospectivamente. RESULTADOS: Un total de 595 aislados de 13 especies de bacterias patógenas fueron recuperadas de casos de ITU. Escherichia coli fue la especie predominante recuperada cada año. Entre las otras especies frecuentemente recuperadas se hallan: Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio - el primero de su tipo en Saint Kitts - sirve para enfatizar que el tratamiento de la ITU generalmente debe establecerse sobre la base de pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana.
Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Cocci/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/statistics & numerical data , Saint Kitts and Nevis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The interaction between the malaria parasite and the human host involves a number of interactions that result in the parasite evading the human immune system. Since the stages of the malaria lifecycle are complex, this allows the use of various immune evasion strategies by the malaria parasite and has major implications in the development of a vaccine for malaria endemic areas. The present review highlights key host:parasite interactions. Plasmodia puts selection pressure on human gene frequencies, and studies into host genetic factors such as the Duffy blood group and sickle cell anaemia offer insight into the host- parasite relationship. In addition, parasite interactions with the different effector arms of the immune system can result in altered peptide ligand (APL) antagonism which alters the immune response from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory T cell response. Recent insights into the interaction between professional antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and malaria parasites is discussed in detail.